USGS - Digital Raster Graphics Program = Overview

Overview of the USGS Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) Program

History=20

Areas=20 of coverage=20

Descr= iption=20 of a DRG=20

Phys= ical=20 file formats and names=20
Geor= eferencing=20 procedures=20
Data=20 resolution=20
Projec= tions=20 and datums=20
Position= al=20 accuracy=20
Colors =
Metadata= =20
Prod= uct=20 distribution

Georeferenc= ing=20 information=20

GeoTIFF=20
Metadata= =20 file=20
World=20 file

Updates=20 and product maintenance=20

Repla= cement=20 DRGs - error correction=20
New=20 version DRGs - updated maps=20
Curre= nt=20 production methods

DRGs=20 from non-USGS sources

HISTORY

Digital raster graphics (DRG) were produced from 1995 to 1998 by the = U.S.=20 Geological Survey (USGS) through an innovative partnership agreement = with the=20 Land Information Technology Company, Ltd., of Aurora, Colorado. The = objective of=20 the program was to scan all USGS standard quadrangle maps quickly and at = low=20 cost.=20

More than 60,000 maps were scanned during the original program. The = series=20 includes DRGs of USGS standard quadrangle maps of the United States and = its=20 trusts and territories.

Since 1999 about 1,000 new DRGs have = been made=20 per year. In May 2001 a complete revision to the Standards For Digital = Raster=20 Graphics was approved. Starting in October 2001, all new DRGs are = produced to=20 the revised standard. The new standard is backwardly compatible with the = original standard: all original coverage DRGs also conform to the = revised=20 standard. The most noticeable change in the new "second generation" DRGs = is an=20 increase in scan resolution from 250 dots per inch (dpi) to 500 dpi. For = more=20 information about the revised standard, see http://top= omaps.usgs.gov/drg/drg_standard_change.html=20

AREAS OF COVERAGE

DRGs have been made for all quadrangles in the USGS standard = topographic map=20 series for the United States, its territories and trusts. These = maps=20 include:=20

7.5-minute maps of the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and = limited=20 areas of Alaska at 1:24,000 and 1:25,000 scale.=20

7.5 x 15-minute maps in limited areas of the conterminous United = States at=20 1:25,000 scale.=20

Pacific Island maps at 1:20,000, 1:24,000, and 1:25,000 scales.=20

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands at 1:20,000 scale.=20

Culebra, its adjacent islands, and the Island of Vieques at = 1:30,000=20 scale.=20

Alaska at 1:63,360 scale.=20

30 x 60-minute maps of the conterminous United States at 1:100,000 = scale.=20

1 x 2-degree maps of the United States at 1:250,000 scale. =

DRG status graphic = for=20 approximate areas covered by these two agencies, and refer to their web = sites=20 for product and ordering information.=20

DRGs for most of California are available only from the California = Spatial=20 Information Library at http://gis.ca.gov/DRG.epl=20
DRGs for parts of Tennessee and some neighboring states are made = by the Tennessee = Valley=20 Authority (TVA).

DRGs produced by these organizations = conform to=20 slightly different technical specifications than USGS DRGs.=20

DESCRIPTION OF A DRG

Most DRGs are made by scanning published paper maps on = high-resolution=20 scanners. The raster image is georeferenced and fit to the Universal = Transverse=20 Mercator (UTM) projection. Colors are usually standardized to duplicate = the=20 line-drawing character of the published map. The average data set size = of a=20 7.5-minute DRG is about 8 megabytes in Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) = with=20 PackBits compression.=20

The DRG product standard can be found at http://rockyweb= .cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/drgstds.html.=20

PHYSICAL FILE FORMATS AND = NAMES=20

USGS DRG images are stored in TIFF version 6.0. PackBits compression=20 (run-length encoding) is used according to the TIFF standard. = Georeferencing=20 information is contained in the TIFF file according to the GeoTIFF = standard,=20 version 1.0.=20

The TIFF 6.0 standard is copyrighted by Adobe Systems Incorporated. = Copies of=20 the standard can be found at http://partners= .adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/.=20

The GeoTIFF Web page is at http://www.rem= otesensing.org/geotiff/geotiff.html.=20

The USGS DRG product consists of two physical files: the TIFF image = and a=20 text file of metadata. A third file, an Arc/Info world file, is also = currently=20 included, though this is not required by the product standard.

The base names of all files follow a convention designed to allow = standard=20 USGS quadrangle locations to be uniquely coded within the old DOS 8.3 = file name=20 restrictions. The names are based on the map reference code (MRC), and = are a=20 legacy of the mid-1990s, before long file names were practical on = desktop PCs.=20 For details about this naming convention, see http://topomaps.usgs.= gov/drg/drg_name.html.

Relating DRG file names to quadrangle names is easy for individual = datasets=20 -- simply look at the DRG image or the metadata file to find the = quadrangle=20 name. But quickly relating file names to quadrangle names for large = numbers of=20 datasets is more of a problem. One 7.5-minute cell can have many = products, and=20 each product can have many instances. MRC codes, cell names, and product = names=20 are text strings, not database keys. Names are neither unique nor = permanent, so=20 there is no simple and clean way to relate many DRG file names to the=20 corresponding map or cell names. GIS developers may find the file = referenced at=20 the end of this paragraph helpful. The file is a plain-text, delimited = listing=20 of all USGS standard geographic cells with their map reference codes, = suitable=20 for importing into spreadsheets or databases. Documentation about the = meanings=20 of the fields is included at the top of the file. Download gzip'd = text=20 file.

GEOREFERENCING PROCEDURES =

The map image is fit to the theoretical UTM coordinate positions of = the=20 published map's graticule ticks. The number of fixed tick marks used for = control=20 varies with map series:

Map = Series

1:24,000

1:25,000=20 (7.5 x 7.5)

1:25,000 (7.5 x=20 15)

1:100,000

1:250,000

1:63,360 = (Alaska)

Number of gratitude=20 = ticks

16

16

28

15

45

v= aries=20 with latitude

The exact = transformation used to=20 fit the image to the control points is not dictated by the DRG product = standard.=20 Transformations implemented in a variety of commercial GIS packages have = been=20 tested and found to produce identical results (that is, the differences = between=20 them are less than the size of 1 DRG pixel).=20

DATA RESOLUTION=20

DRGs made before October 2001 have scan resolutions of 250 dots per = inch=20 (dpi). Most DRGs made after October 2001 have scan resolutions of 500 = dpi. The=20 ground resolution of the image is directly related to map scale. For 250 = dpi=20 images, this relationship is:=20

Map=20 Scale = ; = =20 DRG ground resolution=20

1:24,000 &n= bsp; &nb= sp; &nbs= p;=20 8 ft =3D 2.438 meters=20

1:25,000 &n= bsp; &nb= sp; =20 8.33 ft =3D 2.54 meters=20

1:100,000 &= nbsp; &n= bsp; =20 33.33 ft =3D 10.16 meters=20

1:250,000 &= nbsp; &n= bsp; =20 83.33 ft =3D 25.4 meters=20

1:63,360=20 (Alaska) = ; =20 21.12 ft =3D 6.44 meters

Both the scan and the ground = resolutions=20 of a DRG are simply measures of pixel size. Unlike a digital aerial = photograph,=20 the resolution of a DRG is not a measure of the detail that can be seen = on the=20 map.=20

250 dpi was originally selected as the standard DRG resolution = because:=20

it is high enough to preserve all map information,=20
it is low enough to keep file sizes reasonable for large maps (a = more=20 important consideration in 1994 than in 2000), and=20
it results in an even ground resolution of 8 feet square per pixel = for=20 1:24,000-scale maps.

The 2001 revision of the DRG product standard permits scan = resolutions of up=20 to 1000 dpi. Starting in October 2001, all new USGS DRGs have scan = resolutions=20 of 500 dpi.

PROJECTIONS AND = DATUMS=20

To be consistent with other USGS digital data, the image is cast on = the UTM=20 projection. Therefore, the projection of the DRG will not always be = consistent=20 with the map credit note that is part of the scanned image. For a = detailed=20 discussion of the DRG use of the UTM, see http://topomaps= .usgs.gov/drg/mercproj/index.html.=20

DRGs usually retain the datum of the source map. USGS quadrangles are = defined=20 by lines of latitude and longitude. Changing the map datum moves these = lines=20 relative to the real surface of the Earth. Changing the datum of a = quadrangle=20 has one of two effects: either the geographic extent of the map changes, = or the=20 edges of the map no longer fall on even 7.5-minute graticule lines. Both = cases=20 are confusing and are avoided by retaining the datum of the published = map in the=20 DRG.=20

POSITIONAL ACCURACY=20

USGS maps are designed to meet the National Map = Accuracy=20 Standard. The DRG production process is designed to retain this = accuracy in=20 the digital version of the product, but not to improve it. DRG = georeferencing=20 reduces map error caused by paper shrinking and stretching, but it also=20 introduces error during the manual matching of image and control points. = The=20 overall accuracy of DRGs is approximately the same as the accuracy of = the paper=20 maps they were derived from.=20

COLORS=20

USGS standard topographic maps are printed with no more than seven = colors=20 (including white). Up to six additional colors are simulated with = lithographic=20 screens. Most DRGs use a color model designed to duplicate the = line-drawing=20 nature of the map. The original DRG product standard defines a standard = color=20 palette of 13 colors. The colors are indexed according to the TIFF = standard,=20 with the additional requirement that the TIFF color look-up table be = exactly the=20 same for every DRG. The colors are always indexed in the same order, = with the=20 same RGB values. See the DRG product standard for details.=20

This color model was selected for several reasons, some of which were = more=20 important in 1994 than they are now.=20

A limited color palette makes the data more compressible with=20 run-length-encoding.=20
The original map is a line drawing, so this color model preserves = the=20 nature of the source data.=20
USGS map colors correspond roughly to feature types, so it is = useful to=20 GIS applications to have the colors of the digital product = standardized. For=20 example, it is useful to be able to "turn off" the green timber tint = and white=20 background.=20
At the time the product was designed, we believed that variations = in=20 colors between maps caused by the age of the paper, different brands = of ink,=20 and so on, could be removed and the digital product could be made more = uniform=20 than the paper product. Though technically possible, such procedures = proved to=20 be prohibitively expensive in most cases. Therefore, many DRGs have = higher=20 levels of "color noise" than was originally intended.

This color model does not generalize well to maps with more colors = than the=20 "normal" USGS six-color topographic quadrangle. The revised DRG standard = of May=20 2001 permits a second color model of up to 256 non-standard colors. DRGs = made=20 with this color model typically have higher visual quality, but may be = less=20 suitable for automatic data manipulation and GIS applications. USGS DRGs = will=20 continue to use the original model of 13 standard colors whenever the = source=20 materials make it technically feasible.

METADATA=20

DRG metadata files contain information about content, quality, and = other data=20 characteristics. Metadata are compliant with the Federal Geographic Data = Committee (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (June = 8,=20 1994). The content and composition of the DRG metadata files are = described in=20 the Metadata Template, Appendix 2-A of the DRG = product=20 standard.=20

The FGDC standard is a content standard. It does not specify any = physical=20 file format for cartographic metadata. DRGs implement the metadata = standard by=20 putting metadata in a separate physical file in flat ASCII text. There = is=20 exactly one metadata file for each TIFF image file.=20

Metadata files made before 1999 do not conform to any formal standard = for=20 physical format. The files are simple ASCII text, and the information is = organized to mirror the FGDC content standard. DRGs made since = 1999 use a=20 similar but more stable format based on conformance with the "metadata = parser"=20 (mp) software tools. This format is also ASCII text but has more = rigorous rules=20 for text arrangement. See http://ww= w.fgdc.gov/metadata/geospatial-metadata-tools=20 for more information.=20

The FGDC home page is at http://www.fgdc.gov/. A copy of the = metadata=20 content standard can be found at http:= //www.fgdc.gov/metadata/geospatial-metadata-standards.=20

PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION=20

USGS DRGs are sold by the USGS on Compact Disc-Recordable (CD-R) = media. DRGs=20 are also sold by USGS business partners and data partners. See the DRG = home page=20 at http://topomaps.usgs.gov/drg = for=20 details.=20

GEOREFERENCING INFORMATION

A "georeferenced" dataset contains information needed to relate image = coordinates to a ground coordinate system. DRGs are georeferenced to the = plane=20 ground coordinates of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate = system.=20 The DRG product contains georeferencing information in three places:=20

In GeoTIFF tags of the TIFF image file (*.tif).=20
In a companion metadata file (*.fgd).=20
A "world file" (*.tfw) contains partial georeferencing=20 information. =

GEOTIFF=20

The GeoTIFF standard was developed in the mid-1990's by a consortium = of=20 private companies and Government agencies. The effort was led by the = SPOT=20 corporation, and the first versions of the standard were written = primarily by=20 Niles Ritter, then with SPOT. The USGS did not play a significant role = in=20 developing the standard, but the USGS DRG program was one of the first = large=20 implementations of GeoTIFF.=20

Like the base TIFF standard, GeoTIFF is conceptually simple, but the = details=20 are complex and technical. For a copy of the standard and other = information, see=20 the GeoTIFF home page at http://www.rem= otesensing.org/geotiff/geotiff.html.=20 The revised DRG standard of May 2001 defines specific GeoTIFF = requirements and=20 restrictions for USGS DRGs.=20

METADATA FILE=20

Each TIFF image file has exactly one companion file (*.fgd) = containing=20 metadata. (See metadata= =20 above for references.)=20

Most of the data in the metadata file, especially information about = the=20 source graphic map, come from USGS databases. These databases originally = were=20 populated by transcribing information from printed maps and therefore = contain=20 some errors. In cases of conflict between different metadata sources, = the map=20 collar usually is the most reliable. Map projection is an important = exception to=20 this rule, as nearly all DRGs are cast to the UTM projection, regardless = of the=20 projection of the published map.=20

The metadata file contains complete georeferencing information. = However, the=20 metadata file format is not directly useable by standard GIS software, = so=20 georeference values must be transcribed from this file to a GIS by hand. =

WORLD FILE=20

World files (*.tfw) are not required by the DRG product standard, but = to date=20 they have been included with all product distributions as a service to = users of=20 ESRI software and other commercial software that uses ESRI's world = files.=20

The world file contains the ground coordinates of the upper left = pixel of the=20 TIFF image (the (1,1) or (0,0) pixel, depending on convention), and = scale and=20 rotation information. World files do not contain projection and = datum=20 information. More information about world files can be found at http://support.esri.com/=20

UPDATES AND PRODUCT MAINTENANCE

Replacement DRGs are made from the same map as an existing DRG = to=20 correct technical errors. New-version DRGs are made of new maps. = These=20 terms and associated policies are explained in more detail below.

List of = new=20 DRGs, ordered by month from the most recent.

A plain-text list of all DRGs currently available for sale can be = retrieved=20 from ftp://edcftp.cr.usgs.= gov/pub/metadata/DRG/

REPLACEMENT DRGs - ERROR = CORRECTION=20

When an error is found in the TIFF image file or the FGDC metadata = file, both=20 files are replaced. The original files are then no longer available for = sale.=20

The rate of error discovery has fallen steadily in recent years but = still=20 averages about one instance per month. When a user report is confirmed = to be an=20 actual data error, the error is fixed. If a user outside the USGS = reported the=20 error, a new copy of the data is sent to that person.

For some types of errors, any user who purchased a precorrection = dataset may=20 request a free replacement. DRGs replaced to correct georeferencing or = serious=20 image quality errors will be replaced free of charge for one year after = the=20 error is found and corrected. To report new errors or request = replacements, send=20 email to mcmcesic@usgs.gov. Please=20 include the quadrangle name, the scale, and the approximate date the = data were=20 purchased. Free replacements are distributed only through FTP;=20 replacements on CD must be purchased like new data. This offer = applies=20 only to data purchased directly from the USGS. If the DRG was = obtained=20 somewhere else, please contact the actual data provider.

NEW VERSION DRGs - UPDATED = MAPS=20

The USGS has several programs for revising and updating its = topographic maps.=20 When a new version of a map is produced, a new DRG is made. The previous = version=20 remains available for sale as an earlier version of the map.

New DRGs are not made from "as-is reprints." Maps that are out of = stock are=20 sometimes reprinted without modification. In most cases, the only thing = that=20 changes on such a map is the date of printing.=20

There is a significant production backlog of U.S. Department of = Agriculture=20 Forest Service (FS) "single-edition" maps -- The USGS and the FS = have an=20 interagency agreement governing the update of maps that contain national = forest=20 lands. The purpose of this agreement is to reduce duplicate mapping by = the two=20 agencies. Maps revised by the FS conform to slightly different graphic = standards=20 than regular USGS quadrangles. One significant difference is that single = edition=20 maps contain additional colors that do not map well to the standard 13 = DRG=20 colors. The revised DRG standard of May 2001 permits high quality scans = of these=20 maps, and the USGS has started working on this backlog. For more = information and=20 sample data, see http://top= omaps.usgs.gov/drg/drg_standard_change.html.

CURRENT PRODUCTION METHODS=20

The DRG program from 1995 to1998 was designed to be "one-pass" data=20 production. DRGs were made of some 60,000 USGS maps during this time. In = almost=20 all cases, the DRG was made by scanning a copy of the published paper = map.=20 Beginning in early 1999, the program began moving into a data = maintenance phase.=20 New DRGs are now made from several different data sources. The resulting = DRGs=20 conform to the same product standard, but the images may look = significantly=20 different.=20

Data from digital map revision. Some topographic = maps are=20 now revised using all-digital methods. Copies of the map's feature = separates=20 are scanned, and these scans are revised with digital aerial = photographs and=20 raster editing software. The primary outputs of this revision process = are=20 digital feature separates used to print the new map. These digital = separates=20 also can be combined to make a new DRG. DRGs made this way are = extremely=20 clean, without the color "noise" that is characteristic of a paper = scan. Only=20 a few hundred maps per year are currently revised digitally, but this = number=20 is expected to increase as map revision contractors convert to digital = methods.=20
Data from traditional map revision. If a map is = revised=20 by traditional analog methods, the new DRG is made by scanning the new = paper=20 map. All minor revisions are done with traditional methods, and some = USGS=20 contractors use traditional methods for other types of revision. =

DRGs=20 can also be made by scanning map feature separates instead of paper. The = scans=20 are then digitally combined to make a DRG. This is much more expensive = than=20 scanning a paper map; therefore, DRGs currently are not produced by this = method=20 except when there are other reasons for scanning the original map = materials.=20

All USGS DRGs made after October 1, 2001 have scan resolutions of 500 = dpi.=20 Maps other than the standard six-color topographic quadrangles may have = a=20 nonstandard color palette with up to 256 colors. The current rate of DRG = production is about 1,000 quadrangles per year. At this time, the USGS = has no=20 plans to systematically replace all DRGs with higher resolution = scans.

Differences in map revision and DRG production methods have no effect = on=20 either the positional accuracy or the content completeness of the DRG. = These=20 reflect the characteristics of the published map in all cases.=20

DRGs FROM NON-USGS SOURCES

The term "digital raster graphic" was not invented by the USGS and is = not=20 owned by any data producer. A USGS DRG conforms to particular technical=20 specifications, which other data producers are not obligated to follow. = The USGS=20 DRG specification represents an attempt to produce one standard product = that=20 will be appropriate for a relatively wide variety of applications. The = USGS=20 makes no claim that a USGS DRG is superior to other products made to = different=20 specifications.=20

Other Government agencies and many private companies make their own = products=20 from scanned images of USGS maps. Please contact the original data = provider for=20 assistance with non-USGS products.

Accessibility = FOIA Privacy Policies and = Notices=20

3D"USA.gov U.S. Department of the = Interior=20 | U.S. Geological Survey
URL:=20 http://topomaps.usgs.gov/drg/drg_overview.html
Page Contact=20 Information: Contact USGS
Page Last = Modified: Friday,=20 16-Nov-2007 11:23:50 EST=20

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